Abstraction, the Basis of Computing (Part 1)
 The  word “abstraction” has many applications in the realm of computer  science and software engineering. One immediate sort of abstraction you might think of is the graphical design of user interfaces  on computers and other devices. The earliest trends in graphical user  interface design embraced a skeuomorphic language of visual (and  verbal!) metaphor, where actions or objects on the computer were  represented as real world things. For example, the desktop metaphor  interprets the computer screen as a literal desktop where you store and  access files. The copy/cut/paste functions evoke the literal actions of  cutting paper and pasting it onto something else, and so they were  represented as such in name and in visual representation. The most  common 'save' icon is a picture of a floppy disk. Above are some icons  that were used on old Macintosh computers in the eighties and nineties,  by seminal graphic designer Susan Kare [1]. Each icon is a metaphor  mapping a digital fu...